3 reasons why gas prices are so high — and when they might come down
Gas prices are hitting record highs almost daily, causing financial pain at the pump for millions of Americans. But it's also spurring questions about why fuel is so expensive — and who's to blame. Consumers are also wondering when they might see some relief.
Not surprisingly, soaring gas prices are having a very real impact on household budgets: A typical family may incur additional costs of $2,000 this year simply due to the higher costs, according to one Wall Street estimate. On March 11, gas prices again reached a new peak, an average of $4.33 a gallon, according to AAA. Prior to this week, the previous record was $4.10 a gallon in 2008, just before the financial crisis.
Drivers may see some relief with the price of crude oil falling below $100 a barrel on Tuesday, down from $123 after Russia invaded Ukraine. Prices at the pump fell by two pennies to $4.31 a gallon on Tuesday, according to AAA.
"If this trend holds, it may remove some of the extreme upward price pressure consumers have found at the pump, but not all," the motorists' group said.
Until that happens, fuel prices remain a major topic of discussion, with families budgeting for higher gas costs and cutting spending in other areas. Some Americans are already driving less due to the higher prices. One in three adults say they reduced their car usage last month, with most blaming gas-pump sticker shock, according to Morning Consult.
So how did we get here? Today's stratospheric gas prices have their root in the COVID-19 pandemic, with Russia's war on Ukraine pushing prices higher in recent weeks, said Patrick De Haan, GasBuddy's head of petroleum analysis.
"The overall aspect is that supply and demand have changed," he told CBS MoneyWatch. "Everything was upended by COVID. If it hadn't happened, we would have been in a different situation."
Here are three reasons why gas prices are spiking — and when experts think they might come down.
Post-pandemic demand for gas
When the pandemic first hit the U.S. in March 2020, demand for gasoline plummeted as Americans sheltered at home due to nationwide lockdowns. The typical driver cut their driving in half, according to AAA.
That sharp decline in demand caused gas prices to plunge to an average of $1.94 per gallon in April 2020.
But as the economy recovered — as vaccines rolled out, making Americans feel safer about traveling and shopping — people resumed driving. With demand rising, gas prices also started to creep upwards. By March 2021, the average per-gallon price for gas stood at $2.82, an increase of 45% from its pandemic low.
Cuts to oil production
When demand for gas and oil plunged during the pandemic, OPEC and oil-producing nations such as Russia cut production, slashing it by an unprecedented 10 million barrels. To put that in perspective, that represents 10% of the global supply.
But as the global economy recovered from the pandemic, OPEC was slow to ramp up production, De Haan said. "We're nearing pre-COVID levels for consumption, but production is still lagging. OPEC didn't start increasing production until July 2021. They were already too late — they were severely behind the curve."
Meanwhile, U.S. producers said they are boosting production, but warned that supplies could take a while to trickle through to the market and move prices at the pump, Politico reported.
U.S. sanctions on Russia impacts global market
Against that backdrop of steadily rising prices, Russia's war in Ukraine has caused a rapid 20%-plus spike in oil and gas prices in mere weeks. Benchmark U.S. crude oil rose $3.31 to $109.33 a barrel March 11, while Brent crude rose $3.34 to $112.67 a barrel.
President Biden on March 8 announced a U.S. ban on Russian oil and gas imports, taking aim at Russia's main revenue source amid the conflict.
The U.S. imports less than 10% of its oil and gas from Russia. So why are prices rising so much in the U.S. if the nation doesn't depend on Russia for fuel? The surge in gas prices is due to the larger global oil market, De Haan said.
"When the U.S. issues sanctions, that has wide ramifications on the ability of Russia to export oil," he said. "We don't import a lot, but somebody else does and we are making it difficult for Russian oil to flow to the global market, and prices are reacting to that."
Are Biden's policies causing price hikes?
Republican lawmakers are blaming President Joe Biden's policies for higher gas prices, pointing to the administration's decision last year to cancel the Keystone XL pipeline, for instance. They also blame Mr. Biden's executive order to pause oil and gas drilling on federal land in January 2021. (A federal judge in Louisiana blocked that order in June.)
But experts say the U.S. is producing more oil now than it was it was in 2020, prior to Mr. Biden's inauguration. The latest data shows that for the week of March 4, 2022, the U.S. was producing 11.6 million barrels per day, compared with an average of 11.3 million barrels per day in 2020, according to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Oil and gas drilling has increased under Biden, but companies in the U.S. are constrained by tight supplies of rigs, trucks and labor that they need to supply more oil.
"That degree of finger-pointing is unwarranted," De Haan said of blaming Mr. Biden's policies for high gas prices.
But, he added, Mr. Biden's emphasis on shifting away from fossil fuels and toward electric vehicles may add uncertainty for oil and gas producers, which could give them a disincentive to boost production.
Tipping point for gas consumers
It's possible that the average per-gallon price could reach $5. In some regions, it already has — such as in California, where drivers are paying $5.72 per gallon.
But where the price of gas goes from here depends on a number of factors, such as whether the U.S. makes a deal with Venezuela to import fuel from that nation, De Haan said.
It's also important to remember that when adjusted for inflation, today's fuel prices are still below their peak in 2008, he noted. In today's dollars, the price was closer to $5.25 a gallon. De Haan believes most consumers won't cut back on driving until prices reach that $5 per gallon mark.
"We're not close to that," De Haan said. "$5 [per gallon] is the old $4, and somewhere north of $5 could be a tipping point" that causes drivers to scale back.
So when will gas prices go down?
Expect gas prices to remain elevated for weeks if not months, experts say. Overall inflation will likely get worse in March and April before improving, Bill Adams, chief economist for Comerica Bank, said in a report.
"Inflation will accelerate in March and April as the knock-on effects of the Russia-Ukraine war push prices even higher at supermarkets, gas pumps and on utility bills," Adams said.
The barrage of rising costs is taking a toll on consumer sentiment, polls show.
"With gasoline prices surging and the war in Ukraine dominating the headlines, it was little surprise that the University of Michigan consumer confidence index fell to an 11-year low in early March," Capital Economics said in a report.
Inflation could start easing later in the year but is likely to remain high, many experts think. Ian Shepherdson, chief economist at Pantheon Macroeconomics, forecasts that the headline rate will dip to 5.5% by September, nearly three times the Federal Reserve's 2% target.
If oil prices remain below $100 for a while, drivers may eventually see some relief at the pump, with prices falling below $4 a gallon, De Haan said in a Monday tweet.
"Stations lost their shirt on the way up, but now margins are improving and they will start passing the discounts on to you," he said.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
