U.S. Productivity Plummets
The efficiency of the U.S. workforce took a steeper-than-expected dip in the first quarter as productivity fell by an annual rate of 1.2 percent, the government said.
The downward revision in productivity — the amount of output per hour of work — reflected the weakened U.S. economy. The Labor Department, which released the revision Tuesday, had previously estimated that productivity in the January-March quarter dipped at a rate of 0.1 percent.
The 1.2 percent decline, bigger than analysts predicted, was the largest since the first quarter of 1993, when productivity fell at a rate of 5 percent.
The drop boosted unit labor costs, a gauge of inflation pressures, at an annual rate of 6.3 percent in the first quarter, the biggest increase since the fourth quarter of 1990 and faster than many analysts expected, according to revised figures. That government previously estimated labor costs rose at a 5.2 percent rate in the first quarter.
The lower productivity figure is a byproduct of a slowing economy, which grew at an annual rate of 1.3 percent in the first quarter, far more slowly than the 2 percent rate the government previously estimated.
Gains in productivity are the key to rising living standards because they allow wages to increase without triggering inflation that would eat up those wage gains. If productivity falters, however, pressures for higher wages could force companies to raise prices, thus worsening inflation.
In the first quarter, employee output went up, but hours worked grew twice as fast, leading to a decline in productivity.
In general, productivity tends to rise strongly when the economy is booming, but gains in productivity can become very weak or fall when the economy slows as it did beginning in the second half of last year.
But until the first quarter, productivity grew solidly — albeit at a slow pace — during the economic slowdown, rising at rate of 3 percent and 2 percent in the third and fourth quarters, respectively. That bolstered the view among some economists that strong productivity gains of recent years are long lasting, rather than simply the fruit of a booming economy
Some economists say a recurrence of the weak first-quarter productivity could call into question the theory that the sizable pickup in productivity growth over the last several years represents a lasting, structural change in the economy.
Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan predicted productivity would weaken as the economy slowed, but suggested the lull would be only temporary. Greenspan has indicated that massive investments by businesses in computers and other productivity-enhancing equipment in recent years has permanently improved the outlook for productivity.
From 1973 through 1995, productivity averaged lackluster gains of just above 1 percent per year. But since 1995 increases have more than doubled, allowing companies to pay workers higher salaries without raising the prices of their roducts.
Even with the sharp rise in first-quarter unit labor costs, which followed a 4.5 percent rate of increase in the fourth quarter, many economists, including Greenspan, have said they don't believe inflation poses a risk to the economy. Analysts expect the economic slowdown will ease inflation pressures
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