In New York City, ads for jobs will have to say what they pay

Help wanted. The job: putting one of the nation's most far-reaching salary disclosure laws into practice. Location: New York City.

Just four months ago, city lawmakers overwhelmingly voted to require many ads for jobs in the nation's most populous city to include salary ranges, in the name of giving job applicants — particularly women and people of color — a better shot at fair pay. But on the cusp of implementing the measure, lawmakers will likely vote Thursday to postpone it for five months after employers waved red flags.

The debate marks a prominent test for a burgeoning slate of U.S. "pay transparency" laws. And the answer seems simple to Brooklyn restaurant server Elizabeth Stone.

"I believe I deserve to know how much I can make as a waitress," she said.

Stone has scoured job ads that are mum about pay, leaving her wondering whether to try to move on from an employer she likes but wishes paid more, and feeling like she has no leverage to push for a raise.

"You're put in a really challenging position of not wanting to upset your employer and not wanting to scare away an opportunity, but also wanting to fight for what you know is what you deserve," said Stone, 23, a member of restaurant workers' advocacy group ROC United.

Over the last four years, at least seven states from California to Connecticut and at least two cities beyond New York — Cincinnati and Toledo, Ohio — have started demanding employers disclose salary information to job-seekers in some circumstances. In many cases, that means upon request and/or after an interview, and there are exemptions for small businesses.

Colorado broke new ground with a 2019 law requiring a pay range in all job postings.

New York City's new law is similar but applies only to employers with four or more workers. That amounts to about 1/3 of employers but roughly 90% of workers in the city, according to state Labor Department statistics.

The law says any job notice, from an online ad to an internal company bulletin board, must give the minimum and maximum pay the employer "in good faith believes" it will pay. There's no limit on how wide the range can be, nor a prohibition on deviating from it if the "good faith" plan changes.

The laws have been propelled by a gradually shrinking but stubborn discrepancy: The median pay for full-time female workers was about 83% what men made in 2021, according to federal data.

Women make less than their male colleagues in nearly all fields, with a few exceptions in areas like social work done in health care settings, federal statistics show.

Pay-transparency requirements are "one of the most powerful tools that we have to change those gaps," said Beverly Neufeld, the president of PowHer New York, an economic equality advocacy group. Workers get a level playing field, she argues, while businesses increase efficiency by bringing in applicants amenable to the salary on offer.

Indeed, many employers already advertise what they pay.

Others say they have good reasons not to.

Political consultant Amelia Adams said she strives to make her small, minority-owned business a good place to work, offering health benefits, opportunities to work directly with clients and the best pay she can. But she often doesn't advertise salaries for fear of putting off job-seekers before even getting a chance to talk.

"To publicly put salaries of small, minority-and-women-owned businesses gives a stigma that we are not competitive," said Adams, whose New York City-based business has four employees.

Nonprofit organization consultant Yolanda F. Johnson fielded similar concerns after a professional group she founded, Women of Color in Fundraising and Philanthropy, began requiring pay information in its job board posts starting last fall.

Johnson argues the solution is fundraising and other work to build up budgets, rather than obscuring salaries.

"If you think people are going to pass you by," she said, "there are lots of different things to have in place to be a successful nonprofit where, in turn, you can pay people equitably."

While small companies and nonprofits worry they'll lose applicants, some big corporations are uneasy about posting New York City salaries for jobs that could be done from lower-cost places. Some also fear a flood of resignations or demands for raises once current employees see what new hires can get.

"You have your existing population saying, 'Well, if this is the range, why do I fall on the lower side or the medium side? ... (And) now I can see, as an employee of X firm, what an employee of Y firm is making,'" notes Ian Carleton Schaefer, a New York employment lawyer who represents sports, entertainment, technology and other companies.

He counsels clients to prepare for the new law by making sure their current pay structure is fair, and giving raises if it isn't. Regardless, some sought-after employers could decide to stop advertising jobs and rely instead on unsolicited resumes and other recruiting methods, or to be choosier about which positions they post and where, Schaefer said.

After Colorado's law took effect last year, some big companies posted jobs for workers anywhere but Colorado. The state Labor and Employment Department didn't respond to inquiries about the law's effects.

New York lawmakers are now proposing to tweak their legislation to exempt jobs carried out entirely elsewhere and shift the effective date from May 15 to Nov. 1. A vote is scheduled Thursday in the City Council, where legislation generally doesn't come to the floor without enough support to pass.

But lawmakers have rebuffed other changes that business interests wanted, such as exempting general "help wanted" signs and businesses with under 15 employees.

Details aside, salary transparency goes only so far, notes Sian Beilock, the president of all-women's Barnard College.

"Moving towards gender parity, in terms of the workplace, is a really important goal," but it's important to consider promotions, management responsibilities and other aspects, she said. "I worry that focusing on salary misses a larger point."