Divided America: Toxic gun debate
Wherever you look in this nation born of a bloody revolution of musket fire, chances are there's sharp disagreement over firearms.
Democrats war with Republicans, and small towns are against cities. Women and men are at odds, as are blacks and whites and old and young. North clashes with South, East with West.
"The current gun debate is more polarized and sour than any time before in American history," said Adam Winkler, a constitutional law professor at UCLA and author of the 2011 book, "Gunfight: The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America."
This feature is part of an AP series on Divided America ahead of the presidential election.
Two members of the Maryland Minute Men, a civilian defense organization, hold their rifles as they lie low in a southern Maryland hay field during search for traces of parachutists during World War II, June 28, 1942. State and federal agencies joined in the hunt in Crownsville, Md.
Guns in America
In the midst of debate over the latest mass shooting, in Orlando, it's easy to imagine that guns have always divided us this way. But a close look at survey data over decades shows they haven't.
There was a time, not that long ago, when most citizens favored banning handguns, the chief gun lobbyists supported firearm restrictions, and courts hadn't yet interpreted the Second Amendment as guaranteeing a personal right to bear arms for self-defense at home.
Today, in a country of hundreds of millions of guns, public opinion and interpretation of the law have shifted so much that outright gun bans are unthinkable. It's true that large segments of the public have expressed support for some aspects of gun regulation -- but when Americans have been asked to say which is more important, gun control or gun rights, they trend toward the latter.
Delta Theta Sigma fraternity brothers hunt for deer together on Penn State University farmland in State College, Pa, Dec. 3, 2008. The fraternity is geared toward students interested in agriculture careers, many of them avid hunters from growing up in small towns and rural areas.
Guns in America
That shift has come, perhaps surprisingly, as fewer Americans today choose to keep a gun in their home.
The General Social Survey, a massive study undertaken by NORC at the University of Chicago since 1972 and one of the foremost authorities on gun ownership, found 31 percent of households had guns in 2014. That was down from a high of 50.4 percent in 1977.
An 18th Century flint lock pocket pistol, from the Revolutionary War era, on display in a rare gun collection at the Abercrombie & Fitch department store in New York, Oct. 12, 1964.
Guns in America
"Institutions have repeated, 'More guns, less crime. More guns, less crime,' over and over again for almost 40 years, and it's hard to turn that belief around in any easy way," said Joan Burbick, an emeritus professor at Washington State University who wrote "Gun Show Nation: Gun Culture and American Democracy" and who owns a gun for hobby shooting.
Among the longest-existing measures of public gun sentiment is a Gallup poll question asking whether there should be a law banning handguns except by police and other authorized people. When it was first asked, in July 1959, 60 percent of respondents approved of such a measure.
By October 2015, only 27 percent agreed.
A tear runs down the cheek of Katie Bottoms of Pittsburgh who lost two sons to gun violence, during a CeaseFirePa rally in the Pennsylvania Capital building in Harrisburg, Pa, Jan. 23, 2013.
Guns in America
Many point to a single date as crucial in the societal shift: May 21, 1977, when the National Rifle Association held its annual meeting at a convention hall in Cincinnati.
"That was the moment, in one evening, when the gun debate in America radically changed," said Winkler.
The turmoil of the country in the 1960s and 1970s roiled institutions of all kinds, the NRA included. The organization had fought gun laws in the past, but also had come to accept some, including the Gun Control Act of 1968.
Reenactors portray Union soldiers during the commemoration the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg at Bushey Farm in Gettysburg, Pa, June 27, 2013.
Guns in America
As the next decade wore on and the NRA entered its second century, it faced an identity crisis: Was it a coalition of sportsmen, or a political powerhouse?
Leaders were set on the former, drawing up plans to move its headquarters from Washington to Colorado and to retreat from the political world. Some of its most fiery members disagreed, staging a revolt that night that stretched into the next morning, and remade the group's leadership. Plans for a westward move were scuttled, and a rightward move politically was sealed.
NRA President and former actor Charlton Heston holds up a rifle as he addresses gun owners during a "get-out-the-vote" rally in Manchester, N.H., Oct. 21, 2002.
Guns in America
The gun lobby's increasingly powerful voice found receptive ears among a public that witnessed the country's civil rights battles, assassinations of beloved leaders and growing lawlessness in cities. Over time, statehouses and Congress bowed to the influence of the NRA and its allies. And in 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court finally declared Americans have the right to a gun for self-defense.
"What they (gun rights advocates) did is a classic example of how you make constitutional change: They realized they needed to win in the court of public opinion before you could win in the court of law," said Michael Waldman, president of the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University and author of "The Second Amendment: A Biography."
Jimmie Johnson fires blanks from a pair of revolvers as he celebrates his win in Victory Lane following the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series auto race at the Texas Motor Speedway, in Fort Worth, Texas, Nov. 4, 2012. The NRA became the title sponsor of the April 13, 2013 Sprint Cup race at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth.
Guns in America
Pew Research Center data provides a sketch of what the gun-owning populace looks like today:
--74 percent of gun owners are men and 82 percent are white.
--Those in rural areas are more than twice as likely as urbanites to own a gun.
--Ownership rates in the Northeast are lower than in the rest of the country.
--Gun owners are far more likely to identify with or lean toward the Republican Party.
Data from GSS shows gun owners are more likely to have higher incomes -- and to vote.
The facts form a description of a motivated and politically potent group.
Members of the "End Zone Militia" watch fighter jets flyover Gillette Stadium before a New England Patriots NFL football game against the Buffalo Bills in Foxborough, Mass., Sept. 14, 2009.
Guns in America
Still, the gun lobby's clout sometimes obscures a simple fact: Though polarization appears in broad questions on gun rights, far more consensus emerges on individual proposals.
A Pew poll released in August 2015 showed 85 percent of people support background checks for purchases at gun shows and in private sales; 79 percent support laws to prevent the mentally ill from buying guns; 70 percent approve of a federal database to track gun sales; and 57 percent favor a ban on assault weapons.
Lt. W.B. Painter, a state investigator, photographs a cache of pistols, dynamite, pocket tear gas guns, and other weapons confiscated in Tuscaloosa, Ala., a day before the integration of the University of Alabama, June 10, 1963.
Guns in America
"The fact is it's not divisive. The things that we're advocating in the American public, when you're talking about keeping guns out of dangerous hands, we all agree. We all agree on the solutions," said Dan Gross, president of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, and whose brother was severely hurt in a shooting.
"The only place where this is truly a controversial issue is, tragically and disgracefully, in Congress and in our statehouses across the country."
House Democrats walk out on the East Front on Capitol Hill in Washington, U.S., after their sit-in over gun-control law, June 23, 2016.
Guns in America
In the wake of the Orlando shooting that claimed 49 lives, Democrats mounted a 15-hour filibuster in the U.S. Senate to try to break a stalemate on a gun bill -- just as attempts to revive legislation have followed other recent mass shootings, though with little effect. Sen. Susan Collins of Maine, a moderate Republican, likened it to "Groundhog Day," while Sen. Bill Nelson, a Democrat from Florida, said he couldn't see how even the NRA could object to a bill such as the one being considered, to keep those on a terrorist watch list from purchasing guns.
There is little expectation that the Democratic bill will pass. "They are accustomed to getting their way around here," Nelson said of the NRA.
Friends and family members embrace outside Orlando police headquarters during the investigation of the shooting at the Pulse nightclub, where a gunman carried out the deadliest terror attack on U.S. soil since 9/11 in Orlando, Fl., June 12, 2016.
Guns in America
Gross sees signs for hope for gun control supporters. Social media, he said, has helped get out a message that his side, for years, struggled to spread against the deep pockets of the gun lobby. The Democratic presidential primary, in which Hillary Clinton made gun control a flagship issue in differentiating herself from Bernie Sanders, showed it's not an untouchable political issue. And changing national demographics could further bolster the case of those who favor gun restrictions, because minorities are comprising a larger share of the populace and are less likely to own guns.
Still, this debate remains one of the most toxic in America.
Black Panthers member Najee Mtume carries his rifle as he tours the New Light House of Prayer Church in Greenville, Texas, an African American church arsonist set ablaze, June 11, 1996.
Guns in America
"Nothing has ever come close to the level of vitriol I have seen with guns," said said Winkler, the UCLA professor who worked on the defense teams of O.J. Simpson and Michael Jackson.
"Both sides feel that life and death is at stake."
Jim Bell, 17, the fastest draw in the Frontier Quick Draw Club, demonstrates his speed against a "bad man" target in Chicago, Jan. 9, 1959.
Guns in America
The fear expressed by many gun owners that the government seeks to confiscate their weapons harkens back to the time of the Constitution's framers.
Dan Kinnamon, dressed as a Revolutionary War Third Pennsylvania Regiment private, stands on a boat used in the annual re-enactment of George Washington's Christmas crossing in 1776, at Washington Crossing, Pa., next to the Delaware River, Dec. 25, 2003.
Guns in America
When James Madison first proposed the right to bear arms, Waldman said, it was specifically seen as a right for gun ownership in the service of militias, which were seen as a bulwark against the possible tyranny and risk of overreach from a central government. That rationale for gun ownership still exists among many today.
"People were worrying about overreach from Washington when it was George Washington and not Washington, D.C.," Waldman said.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.