The Wright Brothers and the conquest of flight
Humans have dreamed of taking flight for centuries. But it wasn't until 1903 that the Wright Brothers -- Wilbur and Orville -- successfully flew a heavier-than-air powered machine (one at a time, we might add, in case things went awry). The story of the Wright Brothers is now told in a brand-new book, and Rita Braver has been talking with its author:
They lived in the same house, worked together six days a week. They kept their money in a joint bank account. "Even thought together," Wilbur said.
That's Wilbur Wright, born 1867. His brother Orville was four years younger. And as every schoolchild learns, the Dayton, Ohio, duo became the first people in history to successfully pilot an engine-powered airplane.
"They had this passion, this mission; they were obsessed to succeed," said historian David McCullough.
But though their plane is proudly displayed at the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museum in Washington, historian David McCullough still believes the Wright Brothers are underappreciated:
"Every time they went up in this motor-driven airplane, they were risking their lives," he told Braver. "This is something that cannot be overemphasized."
So, in a new book, "The Wright Brothers" (published by CBS' Simon and Schuster), McCullough -- who has won two Pulitzer Prizes, two National Book Awards, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom -- wants to reintroduce Americans to the Wright Brothers ... and present someone else.
The Wright sister.
Her name was Katharine. "And she was something," said McCullough. "She stood about 5 foot one, and she was a powerhouse."
The three siblings lived in a house now preserved at the Henry Ford museum in Dearborn, Michigan.
Their father, Milton, was a clergyman; their mother, Susan, died of tuberculosis in 1889.
Two older siblings left home to start their own families.
"The house had no running water," said McCullough. "No indoor plumbing, no electricity, no telephone. But it did have books, lots of books."
Wilbur was planning to go to Yale when an accident changed everything: "He was hit in the teeth with a hockey stick, playing hockey when he was about 18," said McCullough. "And it knocked out all his upper front teeth. And he retreated from the world, not going out to do much of anything, ever, for three years."
He ended up opening a bicycle shop with his brother in 1893. They even designed and hand-built their own brand of bike.
But in their spare time, the brothers became obsessed with the idea of another form of transportation: flying, reading everything they could find about previous experiments.
McCullough said the public's view on flying at that time was that it was impossible: "Human beings can't fly, won't fly, ever fly."
Still the Wrights started building flying machines right in their bicycle shop. "The wonder is that they did everything, not just themselves, but did it here, and did it so well," he said.
Starting in 1900, with Katharine managing things at home, the brothers would ship their contraptions to the gusty, isolated dunes of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Their photo collection (now kept at their namesake Wright State University in Dayton) shows how they started with gliders, which often crashed, and finally designing a biplane with an ultralight engine hand-built by one of their shop assistants.
Success came on December 17, 1903. Orville was at the controls. It was captured in one of the most famous pictures in history.
"There's Wilbur running at the side, and Orville's taking off for the first time in all of history to fly," said McCullough. "And he's only going to fly 120 feet. And he's only going to be in the air 12 seconds. But they knew immediately after this was over that they could do it, and they were on to something."
And that's where the story stops for most of us.
But in a cow pasture in the outskirts of Dayton is where, David McCullough says, the Wright Brothers really invented the art of aviation -- testing larger and more powerful planes.
They learned to land, take off, and do figure eights.
Meanwhile, the Federal Government was spending $70,000 (a fortune in those days) on a so called "aerodrome," which crashed in the Potomac on takeoff. And no one in Washington seemed to care about what the Wright Brothers were accomplishing on their own dime.
Braver asked, "What happened whey they wrote and tried to get the federal government involved?"
"They were turned down," replied McCullough. "In fact, they had the door slammed in their face."
But the French, obsessed with aviation, took notice. In August 1908, huge crowds gathered to watch Wilbur Wright take to the air over the town of Le Mans. "They went wild, and he was a hero instantly," said McCullough.
And the federal government finally said 'Aha,' when they saw that other nations -- particularly France -- were interested in their contraption. "They woke up," said McCullough. "Duh! They finally thought, 'Maybe we ought to take a look.'"
So Orville was commissioned to show his stuff in a series of flights at Ft. Meyer, outside Washington. He was breaking all sorts of speed and endurance records, when on Sept. 17, 1908, he was assigned to take up a U.S. Army Lieutenant named Thomas Selfridge.
And he and Orville crashed. Young Selfridge was killed -- the first fatality of a passenger in an airplane.
Orville was badly hurt, but nursed back to health by his sister, Katharine.
"She saw how terribly damaged he was emotionally, physically," said McCullough. "To her, it would be a miracle if he ever walked again, let alone fly an airplane again."
Orville Wright would indeed fly again -- and Katharine would go up, too. The Wright Brothers, who never married, became national heroes.
Wilbur died of typhoid in 1912 at age 45. Orville would live until 1948, often accepting honors for what he and his brother accomplished -- their lives a symbol of the power of imagination.
"What a testimony to human determination and ingenuity it is," McCullough said of the Wright Brothers' quest. "And a profoundly, profoundly American story."
For more info:
- "The Wright Brothers" by David McCullough (Simon & Schuster); Also available in eBook, Unabridged Audio Download, and Unabridged Audio CD formats
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C.
- The Wright Brothers & the Invention of the Aerial Age (Smithsonian)
- The Wright Brothers at The Henry Ford, Dearborn, Michigan
- wrightbrothers.info
- Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
- Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company - A virtual museum of pioneer aviation