Stocks bounce back, erasing earlier losses, as economy heats up
Stocks are swerving through another rocky ride Friday, as investors struggle to figure out what an encouraging report on the economy and the recent march higher for bond yields should mean for the market.
The S&P 500-stock index finished the trading day almost 2% higher, after spinning more than 360 degrees earlier. It had jumped to an an immediate 1% gain at the start of trading, only to drop quickly to a 1% loss, before charging back again.
Other stock indexes went through similar zigzags. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose nearly 575 points, or almost 1.9%, at 31,497, after erasing an earlier loss of 157 points. The tech-heavy Nasdaq composite was 1.5% higher, after it earlier flipped between a gain of 1.2% and a loss of 2.6%.
The spark for all the uncertainty was a government report that showed employers added hundreds of thousands more jobs last month than economists expected. That's an encouraging sign for the economy, and it helped lift Treasury yields, with the closely watched 10-year yield momentarily topping 1.60%.
The yield later fell back, down to 1.54% in afternoon trading. That's below the 1.55% it was yielding late Thursday, though it remains well above its roughly 0.90% level at the end of last year.
Friday's afternoon resurgence for stocks coincided with the moderation of yields in the bond market.
For about a year, the stock market kept climbing on expectations that an economic recovery was on the way, even when the coronavirus pandemic meant conditions at the time seemed very bleak. Now that the recovery is much closer on the horizon, the market is unsettled because one of the main underpinnings for that incredible run is under threat: ultra-low interest rates.
Yields have been marching higher with rising expectations for the economy's growth and for the inflation that could accompany it. Economists have been upgrading their forecasts for this year as more people get COVID-19 vaccines, businesses reopen and Congress gets closer to pumping another $1.9 trillion of financial aid into the economy.
The worry is that inflation could take off, or something else could happen to jack up yields even further.
It's the speed at which Treasury yields have climbed that has gotten Wall Street so uncomfortable, more than the actual level, which is still low relative to history.
Higher yields put downward pressure on stocks generally, in part because they can steer away dollars that had been headed for the stock market and into bonds instead. That makes investors less willing to pay high prices for stocks.
The pressure is most intense on stocks that look the most expensive, relative to their profits, as well as those bid up on expectations of fast growth far into the future. Critics say most stocks across the market look expensive after share prices climbed much, much faster than profits, and warnings about a possible bubble have been on the rise.
Tech stocks and other high-growth companies in particular have been at the center of the downdraft. They soared more than the rest of the market for much of the pandemic, as well as in the years preceding it. On Friday, Tesla was the heaviest weight dragging on the S&P 500.
It's another reminder of how dominant Big Tech stocks have become in the market. If inflation does ultimately remain under control, as the Federal Reserve's chair and many economists expect, the general expectation along Wall Street is that most stocks could benefit.
A stronger economy would mean bigger profits for companies, which would allow their prices to hold steady or rise, even if rates are climbing.
By Friday afternoon, the vast majority of stocks in the S&P 500 were rising, with energy producers making some of the largest gains. Diamondback Energy jumped nearly 5%, and Chevron gained 4.3% after oil prices rallied more than 3%.
Tech stocks would likely also see some improvement in their profits, just not to the same degree as companies whose businesses are closely tied to the strength of the economy, such as banks or travel companies.
But Big Tech stocks have grown so big that their movements can mask what's going on in the broad market. Five Big Tech stocks alone make up more than 21% of the S&P 500 by market value, so weakness for tech can hold back, say, S&P 500 index funds, even if many stocks within it are rising.
All the big movements in the bond market have increased attention on the Federal Reserve, whose chairman, Jerome Powell, said this week that he's noticed the recent climb in yields. He disappointed some investors when he didn't offer anything more forceful that could cap the rise. That has anticipation building for the Fed's next policy meeting, a two-day session that ends March 17, and whether Powell will offer any more guidance on what moves the Fed may make next.