Saudi Aramco shares jump in IPO, making it more valuable than Apple
Saudi Arabia's oil company Aramco jumped 10% in its first moments on the stock market Wednesday in a dramatic debut that held until closing and pushed its value up to $1.88 trillion. That makes Aramco the largest listed company in the world, surpassing Apple.
Trading on the Saudi Tadawul stock exchange came after a mammoth $25.6 billion initial public offering that set the record as the biggest ever in history, overtaking the $25 billion raised by China's Alibaba in 2014.
Demand during the bookbuilding period for Aramco's IPO reached $106 billion with most of that generated by Saudi investment.
Aramco, owned by the state, has sold a 1.5% stake in the company, pricing its shares before trading at 32 Saudi riyals, or what is $8.53.
At pre-trading auction earlier in the morning, bids for Aramco had already reached the 10% limit on stock price fluctuation allowed by Tadawul. That pushed the price of Aramco shares in opening moments to 35.2 riyals, or $9.39 a share, where it held until closing at 3 p.m.
The IPO can be counted as a success, wrote Edward Moya, senior market analyst at financial services company OANDA, in a Wednesday research note.
"It took four years to get this IPO done, but the Saudis have successfully made the world's largest oil producer reach a market cap of $1.88 trillion, very close to the Crown Prince's initial goal of $2 trillion," Moya noted, referring to Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.
September attack
A stunning attack in September blamed on Iran struck Aramco's main processing facility. Still, the company remains attractive to many local investors. Aramco is worth more that the top five oil companies -- Exxon Mobil, Total, Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron and BP — combined. It also has one of the lowest costs of production, estimated at around $4 a barrel.
Internationally, however, investors have been spooked by the geopolitical risks associated with Aramco, as well as the Saudi crown prince's policies and the stain on the kingdom's reputation following the killing of Saudi writer Jamal Khashoggi by Saudi agents in Turkey last year.
Rather than float internationally, Aramco sold locally 0.5% of its shares to individual retail investors — most of whom are Saudi nationals — and 1% to institutional investors, most of which are Saudi and Gulf-based funds.
The retail portion was limited to Saudi citizens, residents of Saudi Arabia or nationals of Gulf Arab states.
Diversification
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman plans to use the money raised from the sale of a sliver of the kingdom's crown jewel to diversify the country's economy and fund major national projects that create jobs for millions of young Saudis entering the workforce.
What the 34-year-old prince had initially sought was a $2 trillion valuation for Aramco and the sale of up to 5% of the company - on an international stock exchange as well as the Saudi market - that could raise $100 billion.
Instead, potential buyers outside Saudi Arabia thought his $2 trillion valuation was too high. Yet with the gains made on Tadawul and a strong local push, the company moves closer to clinching that $2 trillion mark without even listing internationally.
Non-Saudi investors
Less than a quarter of institutional investment generated in the IPO, or 23%, was raised from non-Saudi investors, according to lead adviser Samba Capital.
Saudi companies and government institutions raised 51% of the overall demand, with public and private funds contributing to the remaining 26%, Samba Capital said.
"They have had to launch the IPO on their own stock exchange as the valuation was unlikely to be achieved elsewhere," said John Colley, associate dean at Warwick Business School in the U.K.
He said the surging price on launch suggests that buying may be from those affiliated to the crown prince.
In the lead up to the flotation, there had been a strong push for Saudis, including princes and businessmen, to contribute to what's seen locally as a moment of national pride, and even duty.
A brief ceremony as trading started on Wednesday saw a countdown in Arabic, the sounding of a bell, a light show with music and applause all around. At the celebration at the Fairmont hotel in Riyadh, Aramco Chairman Yasir Al-Rumayyan, described the sale as "a proud and historic moment for Saudi Aramco and our majority shareholder, the kingdom." He said it demonstrates further significant progress toward Saudi Arabia's transformation and economic growth.
Founded in 1933
Aramco, which has exclusive rights to produce and sell the kingdom's energy reserves, was founded in 1933 with America's Standard Oil Co. before becoming fully owned by Saudi Arabia four decades ago.
Strong demand for Aramco's stock has so far been mostly generated by Saudi funds, rather than the wider net of international investors the crown prince's economic diversification plan may need to succeed.
The sale of Aramco is a step toward raising new streams of capital for the government's Public Investment Fund, but it is only part of a much larger transformation needed to move the economy away from reliance on oil exports for revenue.
Zachary Cefaratti, chief executive officer of Dalma Capital which invested in Aramco through funds, said he anticipates the company could as early as Thursday become the first in the world valued at over $2 trillion if another day of 10% gains are met.
Dividends
To encourage Saudi citizens to buy and keep hold of Aramco stock, the company says it will pay a dividend of at least $75 billion in 2020. Individual Saudi investors who hold their shares for six months from the first day of trading can also receive up to 100 bonus shares, or one for every 10 held.
The government additionally encouraged Saudis by making it easier to access credit for stock purchases.
The result was that just over 5 million individuals, nearly all of them Saudi nationals out of a population of around 20 million citizens, generated subscriptions of $13 billion.
With oil prices hovering around $63 a barrel, the kingdom needs a breakeven oil price of $87 a barrel to balance its budget and climb out of deficit, according to Monica Malik, chief economist at Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank.
One of the biggest expenditures is government salaries for the millions of Saudis that work in the public sector.
Aramco's flotation could helps generate billions of dollars in capital to invest in job-creating projects that benefit private businesses and keep unemployment from rising beyond current levels of roughly 12%.