New trial over talc, cancer link: What you need to know
TRENTON, N.J. Two lawsuits ended in jury verdicts worth $127 million. Two others were tossed out by a judge who said there wasn’t reliable evidence that the talc in Johnson & Johnson’s iconic baby powder causes ovarian cancer.
This week, yet another lawsuit is going to court, alleging that a California woman’s use of talcum powder over many years caused cancer. Her lawsuit accuses Johnson & Johnson of “negligent conduct” in making and marketing its baby powder.
So who’s right? And is baby powder safe?
Most scientific research finds no link or a weak one between ovarian cancer and using baby powder for feminine hygiene, a practice generations of American mothers passed on to their daughters. Most major health groups have declared talc harmless. Johnson & Johnson, whose baby powder dominates the market, says it’s perfectly safe.
Yet some 2,000 women have sued, and lawyers are reviewing thousands of other potential cases, most generated by ads touting the two big verdicts. Jury selection in the latest trial began Monday.
A look at the issue:
What is talc?
Talc is a mineral that is mined from deposits around the world, including the U.S. A naturally-occurring mineral, talc is mainly made up of the elements magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. The softest of minerals, it’s crushed into a white powder. It has been widely used in cosmetics and other personal care products to absorb moisture since ancient times, and Johnson & Johnson’s Baby Powder has been sold since 1894. But it’s mainly used in a variety of other products, including paint and plastics.
In its natural form, talc can sometimes contain asbestos, which is known to cause cancers in and around the lungs when inhaled. But all talcum products sold in the U.S. have not contained asbestos since the 1970’s.
Does it cause ovarian cancer?
Like many questions in science, there’s no definitive answer. Determining the cause of cancer is difficult. It would be unethical to do what’s considered the best type of controlled study, asking a group of women to use talcum powder on their genitals and wait to see if it causes cancer, while comparing them to a group who didn’t use it.
While ovarian cancer is often fatal, it’s relatively rare. It accounts for only about 22,000 of the 1.7 million new cases of cancer expected to be diagnosed in the United States this year.
Factors that are known to increase a women’s risk of ovarian cancer include age, obesity, use of estrogen therapy after menopause, not having any children, certain genetic mutations and a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer.
What research can be done?
Two other kinds of studies are possible. Neither of them, though, can conclusively prove something causes cancer. One looks back in time, after an illness has occurred. It compares two groups of people, one with the illness, one without, and asks about past exposures that might be factors. But people don’t always accurately remember details years later.
The second approach tracks a large group of people over time. It assesses their health at the start and follows them for years, recording any illnesses they develop while tracking possible influences such as diet and use of medication, alcohol or other substances. Scientists generally find these “prospective” studies more reliable.
What research shows
The biggest prospective studies have found no link between talcum powder applied to the genitals and ovarian cancer. But about two dozen smaller, look-back studies over three decades have mostly found a modest connection – a 20 percent to 40 percent increased risk among talc users.
However, that doesn’t mean talc causes cancer. Several factors make that unlikely and there’s no proof talc, which doesn’t interact with chemicals or cells, can travel up the reproductive tract, enter the ovaries and then trigger cancer.
One large study published in June that followed 51,000 sisters of breast cancer patients found genital talc users had a reduced risk of ovarian cancer, 27 percent lower than in nonusers. An analysis of two huge, long-running U.S. studies, the Women’s Health Initiative and the Nurses’ Health Study, showed no increased risk of ovarian cancer in talc users.
What experts say
If there were a true link, Dr. Hal C. Lawrence III says large studies that tracked women’s health for years would have verified the results of the smaller look-back ones.
“Lord knows, with the amount of powder that’s been applied to babies’ bottoms, we would’ve seen something” if talc caused cancer, said Lawrence, vice president of the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Similarly, Dr. Francisco Xynos, a gynecologic oncologist at SSM Health St. Mary’s Hospital in St. Louis, told CBS affiliate KMOX Radio earlier this year that the scientific evidence of a cancer link is weak.
“I think the concern for the general population should be negligible, because there is no scientific proof of that,” Xynos said.
The National Cancer Institute’s Dr. Nicolas Wentzensen says the federal agency’s position is that there’s not a clear connection.
“It is very hard to establish causal relationships,” he said. “A lot of ovarian cancers occur in women who have never used talc, and many women have used talc and not gotten ovarian cancer.”
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization, classifies genital use of talcum-based body powder as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.”
The American Cancer Society (ACS) says more research is needed on the topic.
ACS research director Elizabeth Ward says it is unusual to have so much discrepancy between studies. “The risk for any individual woman, if there is one, is probably very small,” Ward said.
What lawyers and courts say
Like the studies, courts have produced mixed results.
In the first trial two years ago, a South Dakota jury found Johnson & Johnson liable for one woman’s ovarian cancer but didn’t award any damages. This year, state court juries in St. Louis awarded plaintiffs $72 million and $55 million – verdicts the company is appealing.
But U.S. District Judge Nelson Johnson in Atlantic City, New Jersey, threw out the first two of the 400 lawsuits in his court. He reviewed the research and testimony from two doctors who are the plaintiffs’ key expert witnesses and concluded they aren’t reliable, noting they had previously written that there was no proof talc causes ovarian cancer. Other courts approved them as experts, noted the plaintiffs’ attorney, Ted Meadows of Montgomery, Alabama.
J&J attorney John Beisner says the health care giant plans to fight every lawsuit, rather than settle, “for the fundamental reason that the science on which they’re based is totally lacking.”
Most of the pending cases are in Missouri, California and New Jersey, where J&J is based.
In the case that began Monday in St. Louis, lawyers for Deborah Giannecchini of Modesto, California, say she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2012 after years of talcum use. Her lawsuit accuses the company of “negligent conduct” in making and marketing its talc.