Government shutdown may be first since 2013, but isn't unheard of
President Trump and Congress failed to reach an agreement on a spending plan by midnight Friday, triggering a partial shutdown of the federal government. Government shutdowns are unusual, but they're not unheard of.
The government has partially shut down three times in the past quarter-century — and far more often in decades past.
Shutdowns have led to furloughs of several hundred thousand federal employees, required many government activities to be stopped or curtailed, and affected wide swaths of the economy.
During Jimmy Carter's administration, shutdowns happened nearly every year, averaging 11 days each. During Ronald Reagan's two terms in the 1980s, there were six shutdowns, typically just one or two days apiece.
Legal opinions issued in 1980 and 1981 made shutdowns more impactful. Opinions by then-Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti determined that failure to pass new spending bills required government functioning to shut down in whole or in part. Earlier "shutdowns" did not always entail an actual stop to government functioning and often were simply funding gaps will little real-world effect.
Here's a look at recent shutdowns, their causes and impact:
October 2013
Sixteen-day partial shutdown, which came as tea party conservatives, cheered on by outside groups, demanded that language to block implementation of President Barack Obama's health care law be added to a must-do funding bill. Then-Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, tried to avoid a shutdown by funding the government piecemeal, but the effort faltered.
The shutdown affected most government operations and resulted in the furlough of 850,000 employees, costing the government 6.6 million days of work and more than $2.5 billion in lost productivity, according to a report by the Congressional Research Service. Boehner survived the shutdown but stepped down two years later amid conflict with the hard-right House Freedom Caucus.
December 1995-January 1996
Republicans led by then-Speaker Newt Gingrich, intent on slashing the budget, forced a three-week shutdown in a bid to coerce President Bill Clinton to sign onto a balanced budget agreement. Republicans were saddled with the blame, but most Americans suffered relatively minor inconveniences such as closed parks and delays in processing passport applications. The fight bolstered Clinton's popularity and he sailed to re-election that November.
November 1995
Five-day shutdown after Clinton vetoed an interim spending bill to block Medicare premium increases. Led to longer shutdown a month later.
The current shutdown came about as a result of a failure to reach a 60-vote threshold in the Senate, after Democrats demanded a fix to the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, and Republicans failed to gain even all the votes of their own party, as well as enough Democratic votes.
Current shutdown
The fiscal impact of the current shutdown is, as of yet, unclear. While some employees are considered "essential" and will continue to work, others are furloughed for now. Overnight, agencies issued guidance as to how to deal with the shutdown. Some agencies will continue to operate next week, no matter what happens. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) chief Scott Pruitt said all employees should work as normal next week, as the agency has enough funding to last for a little while.
On Saturday morning, the House and Senate returned to Capitol Hill to continue attempting to hammer out a deal.
Mr. Trump began tweeting Saturday morning, blaming Democrats for the shutdown, which comes on the anniversary of his inauguration.