U.S. intelligence warned Afghan forces were increasingly fragile in run-up to Taliban takeover
Washington — Multiple U.S. intelligence assessments issued this spring and summer warned that Afghanistan's security forces appeared increasingly fragile and that its government could struggle to withstand a Taliban-led incursion, according to current and former officials familiar with their content.
Those warnings followed years of consistently pessimistic assessments of the Afghan military's resilience and its ability or willingness to fend off Taliban fighters. Reports from the CIA were often among the bleakest issued, and some were at odds with more favorable Pentagon assessments of the strength of Afghan security forces, three former intelligence officials said.
Questions about what the Biden administration was told about conditions on the ground as the U.S. continued its military drawdown have arisen quickly and with fervor, especially as footage of rosier pronouncements made in recent weeks by President Biden and Secretary of State Antony Blinken has circulated.
On July 8, Mr. Biden said it was "highly unlikely" that the Taliban would be "overrunning everything and owning the whole country." In congressional testimony in June, Mr. Blinken said, "If there is a significant deterioration in security — that could well happen, we've discussed this before — I don't think it's going to be something that happens from a Friday to a Monday."
"I would not necessarily equate the departure of forces in July, August, or by early September with some kind of immediate deterioration in the situation," Blinken said.
Biden administration officials have since admitted that the sudden collapse of Afghanistan's government and the fall of its capital, Kabul, happened faster than anticipated, and have chiefly placed blame on Afghan political leadership.
In a public address on Monday, the president said he stood "squarely behind" his decision to pull out of the country, arguing there was "never a good time to withdraw U.S. forces."
But the president's glancing references to the chaos unfolding in Kabul fueled criticism that his administration was badly mishandling a preventable crisis, and lawmakers of both parties have speculated that an intelligence failure may have been to blame. Multiple congressional committees have already pledged to hold public hearings on the matter.
Officials familiar with the intelligence community's reports described them as increasingly dire, especially as the Taliban steadily notched military successes and seized control of districts earlier in the summer.
"This was policy. This outcome was always likely, and this timeline was always in the range of possibilities, albeit at the far end of that range," a congressional official familiar with recent U.S. intelligence assessments said.
"We consistently identified the risk of a rapid collapse of the Afghan government. We also grew more pessimistic about the government's survival as the fighting season progressed," a senior U.S. intelligence official told CBS News. "This was less an issue of Afghan military capabilities and more a reflection of Afghan leadership, cohesion and willpower."
"That said, the Afghan government unraveled even more quickly than we anticipated," the official said.
At the Pentagon on Wednesday, General Mark Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pushed back on suggestions that there was intelligence warning of an imminent collapse of the Afghan government and security forces.
Milley said intelligence reports indicated three possible scenarios in the wake of a U.S. withdrawal: a "rapid collapse" of the government, a full-blown civil war or a negotiated settlement.
"However, the timeframe of a 'rapid collapse' — that was widely estimated. It ranged from weeks, months, and even years, following our departure," Milley said. "There was nothing that I or anyone else saw that indicated a collapse of this army and this government in 11 days."
Jake Sullivan, Mr. Biden's national security adviser, said in a briefing on Tuesday that the administration knew a Taliban takeover was possible.
"We were clear-eyed going in when we made this decision that it was possible that the Taliban would end up in control of Afghanistan. We were clear-eyed about that," he said.
Michael Morell, former CIA acting director and a CBS News senior national security contributor, said intelligence assessments about the timing of the Afghan government's possible collapse — which earlier this month were reported to be between 30 and 90 days — would likely have been pegged to U.S. making public its commitment to withdraw in April.
"When does the count begin? Is it when the last boot leaves? No, it's not. It's when the announcement that you're leaving is made," he said.
"That's when the psychology changes for the Taliban — they know at that moment with certainty that they're going to win, and the Afghan security forces know at that moment with certainty that they're going to lose," Morell said.
"The Afghan security forces were much more capable than the Taliban, but the Taliban had all the will and the Afghan security forces just had none," he added. "It turns out that military capability is not the most important thing in a fight."